Mini-Unit: Unit 2 Exploring Earth's Hidden Layers
This innovative middle school Earth & Space Science unit engages students in discovering Earth's interior structure through inquiry-based learning and advanced technology integration. Students become geoscientists, analyzing seismic data and building digital models to understand how scientists study the planet's layers without directly observing them.
Unit Background & Context
Classroom Setting
Grade Level: 6th Grade Earth & Space Science
Student Population: 87 students in a diverse middle school classroom including 4 ELL students, 13 students with IEPs, and 8 identified gifted learners
Content Focus: Earth's interior structure, seismic waves, density principles, and indirect evidence interpretation
Classroom Environment: Technology-equipped science lab with 1:1 Chromebook access, interactive whiteboard, and collaborative workstations
Unit Purpose
This unit transforms abstract geological concepts into tangible learning experiences through authentic scientific inquiry. Students engage with real seismic data and create interactive models, developing critical thinking skills while understanding how scientists use indirect evidence to study inaccessible regions of our planet.
Duration: 7 instructional hours across 5 class periods
Key Materials: Chromebooks, seismic simulation software, density investigation kits, digital modeling platforms, collaborative presentation tools
Standards & Learning Objectives
Georgia Performance Standard
S6E5 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to show how Earth's surface is formed.
S6E5.a Ask questions to compare and contrast the Earth's crust, mantle, inner and outer core, including temperature, density, thickness, and composition.
Learning Objective 1
Students will analyze authentic seismic wave data to identify P-wave and S-wave patterns and construct evidence-based explanations about Earth's layer composition with 85% accuracy.
Learning Objective 2
Students will create interactive digital models demonstrating the relationship between density, composition, and the relative positions of Earth's crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core layers.
Learning Objective 3
Students will evaluate how scientists use indirect evidence from seismic waves to determine properties of Earth's interior that cannot be directly observed.
Learning Objective 4
Students will collaborate to design and present multimedia explanations demonstrating the role of density in determining layer positions and seismic wave behavior through different Earth materials.
Essential Questions
How do scientists study parts of Earth they cannot see or directly access?
What evidence do seismic waves provide about Earth's internal structure and composition?
Why are Earth's layers arranged in their specific order, and what role does density play?
How can we create models to represent scientific concepts that exist at scales too large to observe directly?
Instructional Procedures: Introduction Phase
Phase Overview
Duration: 90 minutes (Day 1)
Technology: Interactive seismic wave simulator, digital concept mapping tool, video resources
Materials: Chromebooks, density investigation kits with layered liquids, slinkies for wave modeling
Teacher Actions
- Present phenomenon-based hook using recent earthquake footage and seismograph readings from USGS database
- Facilitate whole-class discussion connecting prior knowledge about waves to new seismic context
- Demonstrate P-wave and S-wave behavior using physical slinky models and digital simulations side-by-side
- Guide students through interactive seismic wave simulator, highlighting how waves change when traveling through different materials
- Introduce density investigation stations with pre-measured liquids and solids of varying densities
Student Actions
01
Engage with Phenomenon
Watch earthquake footage and examine authentic seismograph data, recording initial observations and questions in digital science notebooks
02
Explore Wave Properties
Manipulate slinkies in pairs to model compression and transverse waves, documenting differences in movement patterns through photo annotations
03
Investigate Density
Test density principles at lab stations by layering liquids and predicting solid object positions, recording observations and measurements digitally
04
Simulate Seismic Waves
Use interactive simulator to send virtual seismic waves through different Earth material models, tracking speed and behavior changes across interfaces
05
Synthesize Learning
Create digital concept map connecting density, wave behavior, and Earth's layers using collaborative mapping software with embedded multimedia
Guided Practice & Performance Phases
Guided Practice Phase
Duration: 180 minutes (Days 2-3) | Technology: 3D Earth modeling software, collaborative analysis platforms, seismic data visualization tools
Data Analysis
Student teams access curated seismic wave datasets showing P-wave and S-wave travel patterns through Earth. They identify shadow zones and refraction points, annotating digital copies with evidence-based inferences.
Model Building
Using 3D modeling software, students construct interactive Earth layer models, adjusting density values and compositions while observing how changes affect seismic wave behavior in real-time simulations.
Peer Feedback
Teams share preliminary models in gallery walk format, providing structured feedback through digital rubrics. Teacher circulates to probe understanding with targeted questions and provide scaffolded support.
Performance Phase
Duration: 150 minutes (Days 4-5) | Technology: Multimedia presentation platform, screencast recording software, digital portfolio system
Independent Research
Students select one Earth layer to investigate deeply, accessing approved scientific databases to research composition, temperature, pressure conditions, and unique characteristics.
Multimedia Creation
Each student produces a comprehensive digital presentation integrating their 3D model, annotated seismic data analysis, density calculations, and visual explanations of how indirect evidence reveals layer properties.
Scientific Communication
Students present findings to peers in simulated scientific conference format, fielding questions and defending evidence-based conclusions with minimal teacher intervention.
Assessment Strategy
Formative Assessments
- Digital Exit Tickets: Daily concept checks submitted through learning management system measuring understanding of density principles, wave properties, and layer characteristics
- Observation Protocol: Teacher monitors student discourse during collaborative modeling activities using digital checklist to track scientific reasoning and technology proficiency
- Model Iterations: Students submit draft 3D models for feedback at checkpoints, receiving targeted comments through annotation tools before final submission
- Peer Review: Structured feedback forms guide students in evaluating teammate models using rubric criteria, promoting metacognitive reflection
Summative Assessment
Comprehensive Multimedia Portfolio demonstrating mastery through multiple evidence sources:
- Interactive 3D Earth model with accurate layer proportions, densities, and compositions
- Annotated seismic data analysis identifying P-wave and S-wave patterns with evidence-based explanations
- Narrated screencast explaining how indirect evidence supports layer inferences
- Written scientific argument connecting density principles to layer arrangement
Performance-Based Assessment Details.
Technology Integration in Assessment
Digital tools transform assessment from static products to dynamic demonstrations of learning. The 3D modeling platform captures iterative thinking processes through version histories. Screencast software reveals verbal reasoning alongside visual representations. Collaborative platforms document peer feedback exchanges, showing growth in scientific discourse skills.
Rubric Components
Analytic rubric evaluates five dimensions: scientific accuracy of layer properties, quality of evidence from seismic data, sophistication of 3D model design, clarity of multimedia communication, and effective technology use. Each dimension uses 4-point scale with detailed descriptors aligned to learning objectives and Georgia standards.
Technology Integration: SAMR Analysis
This unit employs three transformative technologies at the Modification and Redefinition levels of the SAMR framework, fundamentally changing how students engage with Earth science concepts and demonstrate understanding.
Technology 1: Tinkercad 3D Design Platform
SAMR Level: Redefinition
Purpose: Students create interactive, accurate-scale 3D models of Earth's layers that would be impossible to construct physically, allowing manipulation of density values and real-time visualization of seismic wave behavior through different materials
Student Role: Design engineers constructing scientifically accurate digital models, testing hypotheses by adjusting variables, and embedding evidence-based explanations within 3D spaces
Teacher Role: Modeling coach providing targeted feedback on scientific accuracy through digital annotation tools, facilitating peer review sessions using shared access features
Technology 2: IRIS Seismic Wave Simulator
SAMR Level: Modification
Purpose: Interactive platform allowing students to manipulate authentic seismic data, send virtual waves through customizable Earth models, and observe phenomena impossible to recreate in traditional classrooms
Student Role: Research scientists analyzing real-world data sets, designing controlled experiments with variable materials, documenting observations through integrated digital notebooks
Teacher Role: Data curator selecting appropriate complexity datasets, inquiry facilitator guiding investigation design, assessment designer monitoring student progress through platform analytics
Technology 3: Screencastify Recording Tool
SAMR Level: Modification
Purpose: Enables students to create narrated explanations combining visual demonstrations, verbal reasoning, and real-time manipulation of models—a fundamentally different communication format than traditional written reports
Student Role: Science communicators producing professional multimedia presentations, making thinking visible through concurrent narration and demonstration, revising through self-assessment of recordings
Teacher Role: Communication coach providing feedback on scientific accuracy and presentation clarity, assessment evaluator reviewing detailed evidence of student reasoning processes
Technology Integration: SAMR Analysis
Differentiation & Accessibility
English Language Learner Supports
- Provide bilingual glossaries of key vocabulary embedded in digital materials with audio pronunciation
- Enable closed captioning and adjustable playback speeds for all video content and instructions
- Pair ELL students with supportive peers during collaborative activities with clearly defined roles
- Offer sentence frames and graphic organizers within digital notebooks to scaffold written explanations
- Allow multimedia presentations incorporating students' primary languages alongside English
Special Education Accommodations
- Provide simplified seismic datasets with fewer variables for students requiring modified complexity
- Enable text-to-speech and speech-to-text features across all digital platforms
- Break multi-step tasks into smaller chunks with digital checklists and progress indicators
- Offer alternative assessment formats including visual diagrams with brief labels instead of extended writing
- Pre-teach vocabulary and concepts through preview videos accessible before whole-class instruction
- Allow extended time and multiple submission opportunities for digital portfolio components
Gifted Extensions
- Challenge students to model additional layer subdivisions like lithosphere and asthenosphere with precise property distinctions
- Provide access to advanced seismic datasets from recent significant earthquakes for comparative analysis
- Invite creation of tutorial screencasts teaching specific concepts to other students or outside audiences
- Encourage investigation of cutting-edge research about Earth's inner core rotation or mantle convection currents
- Facilitate connection with university geoscience departments for virtual expert consultations
Universal Design for Learning Strategies
The technology-rich design inherently supports multiple means of representation, engagement, and expression. Visual learners benefit from 3D models and seismic wave animations. Kinesthetic learners manipulate digital objects and physical wave models. Auditory learners create and consume narrated explanations. Students exercise choice in presentation formats, research focus areas, and peer collaboration partners. Digital tools provide adjustable complexity levels, immediate feedback loops, and multiple entry points to content, ensuring all students can access rigorous Earth science learning while working toward identical standards-based objectives.